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prolonged exposure to air pollutants, such as dust, can irritate the larynx and cause chronic laryngitis.

haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is a bacterium that causes a life-threatening infection that can lead to serious illness, especially in children.

croup is a viral infection of the throat and windpipe that causes noisy breathing, a hoarse voice and a harsh, barking cough.

meningococcal disease is an uncommon but serious illness that usually takes the form of a blood infection (septicaemia) or infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).