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both reducible and non-reducible hernias need to be surgically repaired - this is a common operation.

during fetal development, the diaphragm or abdominal wall may fail to properly fuse, allowing the abdominal organs to protrude.

undescended testicles means that one or both testicles are missing from the scrotum.

a handful of non-urgent planned surgical procedures (also known as elective surgery) have been found to have limited benefits, except in very specific circumstances.

most cases of constipation are treated by eating a diet high in fibre, drinking more fluids, and exercising daily.

food inside the stomach is only kept there by the force of gravity so to avoid heartburn, don't lie down after a big meal.

a stoma is an artificially created hole (stoma) in the abdomen so that faeces can still leave the body.

if you injure your testicles, always seek urgent medical advice.

a 'tummy tuck', or abdominoplasty, is cosmetic surgery to remove fat and excess loose skin from the abdomen.

some women choose to have breast reconstruction surgery to give a similar appearance to the look of their original breast in normal clothes.