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During fetal development, the diaphragm or abdominal wall may fail to properly fuse, allowing the abdominal organs to protrude.

Neurofibromatosis is caused by faulty genes, which may be inherited or have spontaneously mutated at conception.

Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis are disorders that result in inflammation of the inner ear and the nerve connecting the inner ear to the brain.

Ovulation pain is usually harmless, but can sometimes indicate various medical conditions such as endometriosis.

Anyone of any age can be struck by appendicitis, but it seems to be more common during childhood and adolescence.

Osgood-Schlatter syndrome is a painful knee condition that affects adolescents.

Most children with Perthes' disease eventually recover, but it can take anywhere from two to five years.

In Wilson's disease, a build-up of copper damages organs including the liver, nervous system, brain, kidneys and eyes.

Polycythaemia vera is characterised by the production of too many red blood cells, caused by abnormal function of the bone marrow.

Brain surgery is performed for a number of reasons, including alterations in brain tissue, brain blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid.