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Common birth defects of the urinary system include hypospadias, obstructive defects of the renal pelvis and renal agenesis.

Severe paruresis (fear of urinating in public) can affect a person's life in a similar way to agoraphobia.

The ligaments and muscles that support the pelvic organs sometimes stretch and cause these organs to drop down. This is called a ‘pelvic organ prolapse’. 

Cystitis is the most common urinary tract infection in women.

Many men experience urinary changes as they age, which may be caused by inflammation or enlargement of the prostate gland.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can target the urethra, bladder or kidneys.

Bladder cancer affects around 3 times as many men as women.