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Staphylococcus aureus, or S. aureus, is a common bacterium that lives on the skin or in the nose. It is sometimes called ‘golden staph’. In most situations, S. aureus is harmless. If it enters the body through a cut in the skin, it can cause a range of mild to severe infections, which may cause death in some cases.
How S. aureus is spread
S. aureus is commonly carried on the skin or in the nose of healthy people. Around two to three out of every ten people carry the bacterium in their noses. This is known as ‘colonisation’ – the bacteria are present but do not cause infection. The arm pits (axilla), groin and under skin folds are other places S. aureus likes to inhabit.
S. aureus can be spread by skin-on-skin contact or by touching contaminated surfaces. Poor personal hygiene and not covering open wounds can lead to infection with S. aureus. Thorough handwashing and good housekeeping, such as damp dusting, are important as S. aureus is part of our environment.
Types of infections
Common infections caused by S. aureus include:
- Boils and abscesses – infections of the skin
- Impetigo (school sores) – a highly contagious, crusty skin infection that may affect newborn babies and schoolchildren.
More serious infections include:
- Meningitis – infection of the membranes lining the brain
- Osteomyelitis – infection of the bone and bone marrow
- Pneumonia – infection of one or both lungs
- Septic phlebitis – infection of a vein
- Endocarditis – infection of the heart valves.
Drug-resistant strains
A bacterial infection consists of countless individual bacteria. Most infections caused by S. aureus are treatable with antibiotics. However, there is a strong possibility that a few bacteria will survive a course of antibiotics, perhaps due to gene mutation. The antibiotic-resistant S. aureus bacteria that remain then flourish, since they no longer have to compete for resources with the rest of the colony.
Resistant strains of S. aureus belong to the larger group of bacteria known as multi-resistant organisms (MROs). Unnecessary or excessive use of antibiotics encourages drug-resistant strains. The overuse of disinfectants in general can also lead to drug-resistance. In most cases, good cleaning or washing with soap and warm water is enough.
Antibiotic resistance is a serious public health problem
Before antibiotics, a severe infection was fatal for many people. Penicillin was effective in treating S. aureus until the bacterium became resistant. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, new antibiotics such as methicillin and vancomycin were developed, which successfully treated S. aureus infections.
Methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) evolved in the 1970s and have troubled hospitals worldwide with persistent infections in patients. A vancomycin-resistant strain of S. aureus (VRSA) emerged in Japan and strains with partial resistance to vancomycin have been found in the USA, Australia and other countries.
Hospital patients
Hospital patients are more likely to be infected by S. aureus because of surgical or other wounds. These people can become seriously ill if their S. aureus infections resist treatment from most types of antibiotics, and they may require isolation from other patients.
Standard hygiene practices undertaken by hospital staff include:
- Always washing hands when they are soiled for any reason
- Using an alcohol-based hand rub solution (with or without chlorhexidine) between patients when taking observations (such as pulse and temperature), bedmaking or performing other similar duties
- Washing hands before, and after, performing procedures on patients
- Wearing gloves, gowns and masks (if necessary)
- Handling used equipment and laundry with care
- Isolating infected patients when required
- Thoroughly cleaning all surfaces.
Community-acquired infection
S. aureus infections with resistant strains are becoming more common in the community, including among people who have not been in hospital recently (within the past year) or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis, surgery or catheters). These infections are called ‘community-acquired S. aureus’ or ‘community-acquired MRSA’. These are similar but different to strains of S. aureus found in hospitals, and can cause mild to severe infections.
Preventing the spread of S. aureus
Since S. aureus is easily spread by contaminated hands, strict hygiene practices are needed such as handwashing with soap and warm water or the use of alcohol-based hand rub solutions (particularly when water is not immediately available).
Alcohol-based hand rub solutions may be used in ‘clean’ situations when hands are visibly clean. These solutions are not necessary in the home situation but are useful when travelling or at a picnic, for example.
There are some situations when alcohol-based hand rub solutions should never be used – for example, instead of washing after going to the toilet. Hands should be washed with soap and warm water and dried.
Long-term prevention
Worldwide measures need to be taken to prevent new resistant strains of S. aureus from emerging. Experts propose:
- A more conservative approach to using antibiotics
- The use of narrow spectrum rather than broad spectrum antibiotics
- Limiting the use of antibiotics like vancomycin
- Maintaining or upgrading hygiene practices in hospitals and the community
- Good infection control measures such as handwashing
- Developing new lines of antibiotics that are effective against S. aureus.
Where to get help
Things to remember
- Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common bacterium that lives on the skin and in some people’s noses.
- S. aureus can cause a range of mild to severe infections.
- Excessive use of antibiotics has led to drug-resistant strains of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).
You might also be interested in:
Antibacterial cleaning products.
Antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Handwashing - why it's important.
Impetigo - school sores.
Infections - bacterial and viral.
Infections in hospital - reduce the risk.
Meningitis.
Pneumonia.
Want to know more?
Go to More information for support groups, related links and references.
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This page has been produced in consultation with, and approved by:
Department of Health - Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Unit
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Copyight © 1999/2009 State of Victoria. Reproduced from the Better Health Channel (www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au) at no cost with permission of the Victorian Minister for Health. Unauthorised reproduction and other uses comprised in the copyright are prohibited without permission.
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This Better Health Channel fact sheet has passed through a rigorous approval process. For the latest updates and more information visit www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au.
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Fact sheet currently being reviewed.
Last updated: January 2008
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Staphylococcus aureus - golden staph - Better Health Channel
Staphylococcus aureus, or S. aureus, is sometimes called 'golden staph'. It is a common bacterium that lives on the skin or in the nose. It can cause a range of mild to severe infections and may cause death. Some strains are resistant to antibiotics. Hospital patients are more likely to be infected by S. aureus because of surgical or other wounds...
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Staphylococcus aureus - golden staph - Better Health ChannelStaphylococcus aureus, or S. aureus, is sometimes called 'golden staph'. It is a common bacterium that lives on the skin or in the nose. It can cause a range of mild to severe infections and may cause death. Some strains are resistant to antibiotics. Hospital patients are more likely to be infected by S. aureus because of surgical or other wounds...
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The information published here was accurate at the time of publication and is not intended to take the place of medical advice. Please seek advice from a qualified health care professional.
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